Research Article |
Corresponding author: Willem Coetzer ( w.coetzer@saiab.ac.za ) Academic editor: Burgert Muller
© 2019 Willem Coetzer, Connal Eardley.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Citation:
Coetzer W, Eardley C (2019) Insights into 260 years of taxonomic research gained from the Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees. African Invertebrates 60(2): 291-318. https://doi.org/10.3897/afrinvertebr.60.37752
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We analysed country-scale distribution records of solitary bees (i.e. excluding Apis mellifera) in countries in the Afrotropical Region, excluding the southern Arabian Peninsula and Socotra. Although different country estimates of bee species numbers can be explained by differences in climate, vegetation or topography, we concluded that the observed differences are mainly due to differences in sampling effort or taxonomic research intensity in different countries. We characterised three eras of bee taxonomy. The highest rate of species description per annum occurred during the first half of the 20th Century, before generic revisions were prevalent, and when the focus was on consolidating knowledge and developing identification keys. We also researched the locations of type specimens, which included all primary types and syntypes. Most types are housed in western Europe. We describe the Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees (CAB), a biodiversity information system and related GBIF checklist that is the system’s standardised, published output. In the revised CAB, all Afrotropical bee genera have been given common names, many of which are new.
Apoidea, taxonomy, biodiversity informatics, natural history collections, specimens, Afrotropical Region
We describe research strengths and gaps in the taxonomy of non-Apis bees (‘bees’) across most of the Afrotropical Region. We used data extracted from the Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees (CAB) that had been digitised from species descriptions. The work reported below is an example of how data from natural history collections can be transformed into useful biodiversity information that may be applied in different research contexts.
The CAB was developed to represent rich, species-level data about Afrotropical bees found in literature. The basic unit of information is a taxon citation, meaning that the CAB is a page-level index of scientific literature on Afrotropical bees, most of which is the output of 260 years of taxonomic research. The CAB is updated regularly and will be useful for future taxonomic research, studies in pollination ecology in the Afrotropical Region or in any research that depends on bee taxonomy.
An important purpose of data published on the GBIF Data Portal from the CAB is to validate bee names and integrate specimen-records from distributed databases (e.g. to relate junior synonyms to senior synonyms). Integrating online data is a major challenge in biodiversity informatics (
Specific use-cases of the online CAB, which make it a basic starting point for bee research in any context, include: finding the valid name corresponding to any junior synonym or understanding the nomenclatorial history of any species; generating a list of countries in which a bee species has been recorded or a list of bee species from a given country; generating a list of pages in research articles on which a bee name is cited; finding the type depositories and details of the type designation of bee type specimens; finding the host-plants, nest-plants, parasites or hosts of bee species for which this information was found in literature; finding the common names of Afrotropical bee genera, which were recently added to the CAB.
We queried the CAB to analyse and summarise the number of bee species recorded from each country in the Afrotropical Region, mainly to test whether knowledge of the country-scale distribution of bees is lacking. Data from the CAB were supplemented with specimen-records downloaded from the GBIF Data Portal.
We summarised the main periods of research in Afrotropical bee taxonomy and the taxonomic contributions of the main contributors, to try to explain the knowledge gaps we found in the observed country-scale distribution of bees.
We also summarised knowledge of bee type depositories.
In biodiversity informatics our objectives were:
1. To promote awareness of the CAB in the scientific community and explain its development and potential uses;
2. To promote the general need to mobilise (publish or share) high-quality, standardised species-level data, including rich taxonomic data and rich ecological data such as host relationships, which can potentially be used in ecological studies (e.g. pollination studies).
The CAB consists of a customised Specify biodiversity database (
Literature references and bee names had been written on index cards for many years before data capture switched to a digital document. The data from the document were eventually migrated to the Specify database prior to publication of the Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees (
VBA scripts in the Microsoft Access file were used to transform nomenclatorial acts and other data (e.g. synonymies, ecological relationships and references to countries, articles and authors), captured as raw data in the Specify database, into an annotated checklist-type Darwin Core Archive. The Darwin Core Archive is a set of text files that express concepts named by standardised terms (
To find country records of Afrotropical bees other than those of the CAB, we searched the GBIF Data Portal for records of the 6 families of Apoidea. We assumed that specimens represented by downloaded GBIF records had been correctly identified.
A significant finding in developing and using the CAB (Figure
By representing nomenclatorial acts (e.g. an original description or a new combination) and taxonomic acts (e.g. a synonymy or a change in taxonomic rank) – as records in the Specify taxoncitation table – we were able to execute a query to summarise all the taxonomic work that has been done since the previous publication of the CAB almost a decade ago (Table
A summary of the nomenclatorial and taxonomic acts published in taxonomic articles since 2010.
Year | New combination | Corrected name | Invalid name | New name | Rank change: species to subspecies | Rank change: subspecies to species | Rank change: subgenus to genus | Valid description | Synonymy | Removal from synonymy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 36 | 91 | 1 | 4 | 29 | 11 | ||||
2011 | 17 | 1 | 3 | 10 | ||||||
2012 | 2 | 23 | 60 | |||||||
2013 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 102 | ||||||
2014 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 70 | 48 | |||||
2015 | 7 | 2 | ||||||||
2016 | 1 | 6 | 5 | 2 | ||||||
2017 | 1 | 3 | 1 | |||||||
2018 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 7 | ||||||
Total | 67 | 92 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 31 | 6 | 135 | 228 | 4 |
Of the 1.03 million GBIF specimen-records of bees tagged with country names that we downloaded, only 39 176 (3.8%) were from countries in the Afrotropical Region (Table
The numbers of African bee specimen-records (containing the country name) published on the GBIF Data Portal by various institutions.
Publishing institution | Number of records |
---|---|
South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa | 16 282 |
Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa | 10 671 |
Kansas University, Lawrence, USA | 8 967 |
Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa | 1 567 |
Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa | 917 |
Unknown | 296 |
iNaturalist | 269 |
Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa | 129 |
US Department of Agriculture | 63 |
C.A. Triplehorn Insect Collection, Columbus, USA | 4 |
Lund University, Lund, Sweden | 3 |
Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France | 3 |
National Museum of Natural History, Washington DC, USA | 2 |
Natural History Museum, London, UK | 2 |
www.naturgucker.info | 1 |
Total | 39 176 |
The analysis of country-scale distribution presented below is for valid species-level names only (i.e. not including junior synonyms or subspecies). We included species described up to and including 2018.
Records of bees other than Apis mellifera have been reported from 45 of the 47 African countries or territories constituting the Afrotropical Region as defined by
The countries of origin of the following 7 valid species remain unknown and they were therefore not included in the country counts: Thyreus calcaratus, Xylocopa ditypa, Halictus frontalis, Lipotriches quartinae, Megachile mastrucatella, Megachile mediana and Heriades glomerans.
i) Species-per-country
The 2 776 species with country records were expanded to 7 196 species-per-country combinations. The number of species-per-country records (a potential indication of species richness) ranged from 4 (São Tomé and Príncipe) to 1258 (South Africa, 65 of which were contributed by the GBIF dataset) (Table
The numbers of species-per-country records and the numbers and proportions of species recorded, stratified into country groups.
Country | Number of species-per-country records | Total species-per-country records (%) | Number of species represented (%) |
---|---|---|---|
South Africa | 1258 | 1258 (17.5) | 1258 (45) |
Democratic Republic of Congo | 640 | 640 (8.9) | 640 (23) |
Zimbabwe | 429 | 429 (6) | 429 (15) |
3 countries with > 300 species < 400 | Tanzania (389), Kenya (387), Namibia (367) | Total 1143 (15.9) | 425 (15) |
5 countries with > 200 species < 300 | Malawi (268), Uganda (241), Madagascar (236), Ethiopia (231), Cameroon (229) | Total 1205 (16.7) | 518 (19) |
11 countries with > 100 species < 200 | Mozambique (199), Gabon (177), Nigeria (176), Zambia (164), Angola (157), Botswana (149), Senegal (128),Sudan (114), Liberia (106), Republic of the Congo (105), Ghana (101) | Total 1576 (21.9) | 369 (13) |
19 countries with > 10 species < 100 | Somalia (92), Sierra Leone (88), Equatorial Guinea (87), Togo (69), Guinea (60), Lesotho (58), Burundi (52), Ivory Coast (51), Niger (47), Gambia (46), Rwanda (45), Burkina Faso (43), Central African Republic (43), Eritrea (36), Chad (31), Benin (23), Seychelles (18), Eswatini (15), Comoros (12) | Total 916 (12.7) | 216 (8) |
4 countries with > 1 species < 10 | Djibouti (9), Mauritius (9), Réunion (7), São Tomé and Príncipe (4) | Total 29 (0.4) | 10 (0.3) |
Total | 7196 (100) | 2 776 |
Thirty-four of the 45 countries (76%) had fewer than 200 species (or 7% of Afrotropical species) per country (Table
There are other online sources of taxonomic data or species-level information about Afrotropical bees (
ii) Countries-per-species
Frequencies of the numbers of countries in which bee species have been recorded had a skewed distribution, with 62% of species occurring in only one country and a further 14% occurring in only two countries (Figure
No. countries | No. species | % species |
---|---|---|
1 | 1 725 | 62 |
2–9 | 898 | 32 |
10–19 | 129 | 5 |
≥ 20 | 24 | 1 |
Either the observed country-scale distribution is a true reflection or an artifact of different sampling effort or research intensity between different countries. Bee species richness is known to differ greatly between regions with different topography, climate or vegetation (
i) Afrotropical bee taxonomists and regional taxonomic work
The analysis of activity by taxonomists included all described taxa (i.e. counting both senior and junior synonyms as well as subspecies described before 1961).
In the Afrotropical Region there have been only four resident bee taxonomists. Three of them lived in South Africa (H. Brauns, V. Whitehead and C. Eardley) and the fourth (A. Pauly) lived and worked in Madagascar and Gabon and currently resides in Belgium. Other collectors did not study their own material but made it available to taxonomists. H. Brauns, for example, did not describe many species but he did collect for H. Friese who described numerous species from South Africa. Similarly, J. Ogilvie and A. Mackie collected mostly in South Africa for T.D.A. Cockerell. The fact that South Africa has four large bee collections (Table
In other countries with high numbers of species records, i.e. DRC, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Kenya and Tanzania, there were correspondingly high collecting efforts. In the DRC, collecting was apparently driven through the Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, Brussels (MRAC). In Zimbabwe, P.A. Sheppard and R. Stevenson, among others, collected extensively. Staff at the National Museum of Namibia, Windhoek (NMNW), undertook numerous collecting expeditions. During the earlier part of the 20th Century, a number of collectors collected extensively in Tanzania and Kenya. Species recorded from the above-mentioned countries, as well as South Africa, account for 49% of the known species-per-country records in the Afrotropical Region. This shows that countries known to have focused collection efforts have higher recorded numbers of bee species than those with less intensive or no known collecting efforts.
Even with the intensive effort to collect and conduct research on the taxonomy of South African bees, a recent study suggested that a number of bee species may remain undiscovered in South Africa. Substantiating this claim,
ii) Authorship of taxonomic descriptions
Table
The number of bee species described per author (valid species plus species or subspecies now synonymised), for 10 or more taxa per author.
Author | Number of taxon descriptions (%) |
---|---|
Cockerell | 1772 (38) |
Friese | 655 (14) |
Strand | 273 (6) |
Pauly | 198 (4) |
Vachal, Pasteels | 190 (4) |
Smith | 151 (3) |
Benoist | 145 (3) |
Eardley | 112 (2) |
Blüthgen | 79 |
Cameron | 77 |
Michener | 56 |
Kuhlmann | 54 |
Brauns | 51 |
Brooks, Mavromoustakis | 43 |
Timmermann | 40 |
de Saussure | 33 |
Gerstaecker, Gribodo | 30 |
Lepeletier | 29 |
Meade-Waldo | 26 |
Fabricius | 24 |
Alfken | 21 |
Enderlein, Whitehead | 20 |
Radoszkowski, Magretti | 18 |
Steiner | 17 |
Dathe | 16 |
LeVeque, Schletterer | 13 |
Davies | 11 |
Stadelmann | 10 |
< 10 taxa per author | 490 (11) |
4654 |
The total number of primary types per depository, for 10 or more types per depository (Depository codes from The Insect and Spider Collections of the World 2019).
Depository | Code | No. of types |
---|---|---|
Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom | NHML | 1607 |
Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany | ZMHB | 919 |
Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, Tervuren, Belgium | MRAC | 325 |
Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France | MNHN | 284 |
American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA | AMNH | 206 |
Ditsong National Museum of Natural History | TMSA | 142 |
South African National Collection of Insects, Pretoria, South Africa | SANC | 118 |
Iziko South African Museum, Cape Town, South Africa | SAMC | 113 |
Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium | RBINS | 56 |
Dr A. Pauly’s private collection, Gembloux, Belgium | PC | 55 |
Snow Entomological Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA | SEMC | 38 |
Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel, Switzerland | NHMB | 30 |
Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden | NHRS | 30 |
National Museum of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia | NMNW | 29 |
Albany Museum, Grahamstown, South Africa | AMGS | 29 |
Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany | DEI | 24 |
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, MA, USA | MCZC | 22 |
United States National Museum, Washington, USA | USNM | 21 |
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, USA | CAS | 21 |
Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden | UUZM | 14 |
Station Centrale Zoologie Agricole, Versailles, France | INRA | 12 |
National Museum, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe | NMBZ | 12 |
Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa | DMSA | 10 |
University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom | OXUM | 10 |
< 10 types per depository | 134 | |
Total | 4 261 |
iii) Taxonomic descriptions over time
Whereas taxonomic research is an ongoing process, the description of new species may be used as an indicator of taxonomic activity over time.
Between 1758 and 2018 (260 years) 4654 taxonomic descriptions of Afrotropical bees were published. Three eras can be discerned (Figure
Bee type material depositories
Taxonomists have to study type material in order to determine the correct name of a species. The locations of type depositories are therefore important from a logistical point of view. We found the type depositories of 4261 bee type specimens or type series (including subspecies) (Table
Cockerell, the most prolific author of new bee species-level taxa, deposited most of his type material in the Natural History Museum, London (NHML), and this museum has the largest holding of Afrotropical bee types (1607 types, Table
Eighty-one per cent of types are housed in Europe, 11% in Africa (9% in South Africa) and 8% in North and Central America.
Standardisation and publication of high-quality biodiversity data
Continuous updating and publication of the CAB will allow the data to be shared with researchers and other users of biodiversity information. The CAB is different from other online sources of information about Afrotropical bees because it is published on the GBIF Data Portal. This also implies that the data are both standardised (Biodiversity Information Standards) and integrated with other distributed data, allowing the user to find more data more easily. Standardisation of data is particularly important (
In the latest version of the CAB, all the genera of Afrotropical bees have common names. If a genus already had a common name this name was used, but genera that are endemic to the Afrotropical Region were given new names (keeping in mind existing genus names). Common names are important when communicating with citizen scientists or learners.
We found evidence strongly suggesting that knowledge of the country-scale distribution of Afrotropical bees is lacking. It is unlikely that similar, neighbouring countries at the same latitude would differ by a factor of two in their numbers of bee species, or that 76% of species would occur in only two countries. Probably, country differences in collecting effort or taxonomic research are responsible for the observed differences in species numbers between countries. Increased taxonomic capacity is therefore essential for a better understanding of the species richness and diversity patterns reflected by Afrotropical bees. The most important group of pollinators are worthy of far greater investment in mobilisation, to the GBIF Data Portal, and preservation, of African data.
It is difficult to produce useful taxonomic revisions, including reliable identification keys of Afrotropical bees, without studying type material. The logistics involved in studying types in different museums is influenced by the size of the museums’ holdings and the distances between them. Imaging of types and their labels will help taxonomists studying African bees, but usually it is necessary to examine type specimens. As 82% of types are housed in Europe, travel to this region is essential for revisionary taxonomic research. South Africa (9% of types) and the USA (8% of types) have significant type depositories and also need to be visited by bee taxonomists.
The taxonomic revisions of today are based on comparative morphology. Although morphology is indispensable in understanding and documenting species richness, future taxonomists will have to unravel complexities in species identity to which morphology cannot allude, such as separating sibling species and determining the limits between intra-specific and inter-specific variation. The obvious tools to do this are in molecular biology.
A well-designed, standardised biodiversity data management system is essential for scientific research. This will be especially important for the inclusion of additional data, such as associations with other species and biogeography. The biodiversity information system and content of the CAB will continue to be developed, updated and kept abreast of developing biodiversity metadata standards. For example, for validation purposes, the system needs to include literature citations of records of ecological associations, to allow their veracity to be evaluated.
The information system currently relies on a prototype system component, developed using Microsoft Access, to condense the data from the Specify database. This component needs to be developed into a reliable application with a convenient user-interface. Further, the data in the Specify database need to be migrated to a schema that will more precisely reflect the concepts and practices of taxonomy. Ultimately, the reason to digitise any data is to preserve its structure, integrity and safety, so that it may continue to be used.
We thank the JRS Biodiversity Foundation for financial support to develop the Catalogue of Afrotropical Bees.
The species of Afrotropical bees described in each year since 2010.
Year | Species | Reference |
---|---|---|
2010 | Chiasmognathus saheliensis | Engel, M.S. 2010. A new species of the bee genus Chiasmognathus from southwestern Niger (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Acta Entomologica Muselii Nationalis Pragae 50(1): 273–278 |
2010 | Liotrigona kinzelbachi | Koch, H. 2010. Combining morphology and DNA barcoding resolves the taxonomy of Western Malagasy Liotrigona Moure, 1961 (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini). African Invertebrates 51(2): 413–421 |
2010 | Patellapis (Chaetalictus) itigiensis | Kuhlmann, M. and A. Pauly. 2010. New Afrotropical species of the bee subgenus Patellapis (Chaetalictus) with notes on additional species (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Zootaxa 2674: 33–50 |
2010 | Patellapis (Chaetalictus) kahuziensis | Kuhlmann and Pauly 2010 |
2010 | Patellapis (Chaetalictus) knersvlaktei | Kuhlmann and Pauly 2010 |
2010 | Patellapis (Chaetalictus) rutshuruensis | Kuhlmann and Pauly 2010 |
2010 | Patellapis (Chaetalictus) upembae | Kuhlmann and Pauly 2010 |
2010 | Samba (Atrosamba) gessorum | Michez, D., C.D. Eardley, M. Kuhlmann and K. Timmermann. 2010. The bee genera Haplomelitta and Samba (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Melittidae): phylogeny, biogeography and host plants. Invertebrate Systematics 24: 327–347 |
2010 | Samba (Metasamba) rubigoinis | Michez et al. 2010 |
2010 | Samba (Prosamba) spinosa | Michez et al. 2010 |
2010 | Samba (Samba) ascheri | Michez et al. 2010 |
2011 | Afroheriades hyalinus | Griswold, T. and V.H. Gonzalez. 2011. New species of the Eastern Hemisphere genera Afroheriades and Noteriades (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae), with keys to species of the former. Zookeys 159: 65–80 |
2011 | Hoplitis (Anthocopa) conchophila | Kuhlmann, M., F.W. Gess, F. Koch and S.K. Gess. 2011. Southern African osmiine bees: taxonomic notes, two new species, a key to Wainia, and biological observations (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3108: 1–24 |
2011 | Wainia (Caposmia) gessorum | Kuhlmann et al. 2011 |
2012 | Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) gibbsi | Gonzalez, V.H. and M.S. Engel. 2012. African and southeast Asian Chalicodoma (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae): new subgenus, new species, and notes on the composition of Pseudomegachile and Largella. Annales Zoologici 62(4): 599–617 |
2012 | Chalicodoma (Pseudomegachile) strangei | Gonzalez and Engel 2012 |
2012 | Dasypoda (Dasypoda) riftensis | Michez, D. and A. Pauly. 2012. A new species of the palaearctic genus Dasypoda Latreille 1802 (Hymenoptera: Dasypodaidae) from the Great Rift Valley in Ethiopia. Zootaxa 3181: 63–68 |
2012 | Lasioglossum (Capalictus) hantamense | Pauly, A., J. Gibbs and M. Kuhlmann. 2012. Capalictus, a new subgenus of Lasioglossum Curtis, 1833 from South Africa, with description of three new species (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 28: 1–28 |
2012 | Lasioglossum (Capalictus) tigrinum | Pauly et al. 2012 |
2012 | Lasioglossum (Capalictus) timmermanni | Pauly et al. 2012 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) soutpansbergensis | Eardley, C.D. 2012a. A taxonomic revision of the southern African species of dauber bees in the genus Megachile Latreille (Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3460: 1–139 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) gessorum | Eardley 2012a |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) richtersveldensis | Eardley 2012a |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) sarahae | Eardley 2012a |
2012 | Megachile (Creightonella) serrula | Eardley, C.D. 2012b. A taxonomic revision of the southern African species of the subgenus Creightonella Cockerell (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachile Latreille). Zootaxa 3159: 1–35 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) gessi | Eardley 2012a |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) namibensis | Eardley 2012a |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) pseudotaraxis | Eardley 2012a |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) taraxis | Eardley 2012a |
2012 | Rediviva steineri | Kuhlmann, M. 2012a. Two new species of the South African endemic bee genus Rediviva Friese (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae). Zootaxa 3517: 71–78 |
2012 | Rediviva whiteheadi | Kuhlmann 2012a |
2012 | Redivivoides capensis | Kuhlmann, M. 2012b. Revision of the South African endemic bee genus Redivivoides Michener, 1981 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 34: 1–34 |
2012 | Redivivoides eardleyi | Kuhlmann 2012b |
2012 | Redivivoides kamieskroonensis | Kuhlmann 2012b |
2012 | Redivivoides karooensis | Kuhlmann 2012b |
2012 | Redivivoides namaquaensis | Kuhlmann 2012b |
2012 | Redivivoides variabilis | Kuhlmann 2012b |
2013 | Anthidioma obibense | Griswold, T. and V.H. Gonzalez. 2013. A new species of the rare African wool-carder bee genus Anthidioma (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from Namibia. African Entomology 21(1): 177–180 |
2013 | Eupetersia avontuurensis | Kuhlmann, M. 2013. Eupetersia avontuurensis nov. sp., first record of the bee genus in the South African winter rainfall region (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Halictidae). Entomofauna: Zeitschrift für Entomologie 34(14): 185–192 |
2013 | Liotrigona baleensis | Pauly, A. and Z.A. Hora. 2013. Apini and Meliponini from Ethiopia (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Apidae: Apinae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 16: 1–35 |
2013 | Liotrigona gabonensis | Pauly, A. and E.C.F. Faber Anguilet. 2013. Description de Liotrigona gabonensis sp. nov., et quelques corrections à la synonymie des espèces africaines de mélipones (Hymenoptera : Apoidea : Apinae : Meliponini). Belgian Journal of Entomology 15: 1–13 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) gobabebensis | Eardley, C.D. 2013. A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3601: 1–133 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) goegabensis | Eardley 2013 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) uluguruensis | Pauly, A. and C.D. Eardley. 2013. A Revision of Afrotropical Thrinchostoma de Saussure, 1890 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 12: 1–76 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) upembae | Pauly and Eardley 2013 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) amharicus | Dathe, H.H. 2014. Studies on the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F. (8) Revision of the Afrotropic subgenus Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) Bridwell (Hymenoptera: Anthophila, Colletidae). Zootaxa 3874: 1–84 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) bernhardi | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) camerunensis | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) chimani | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) eardleyi | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) gessianus | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) izikosalis | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) nottoni | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) oromialis | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) pamelae | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) paulyi | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) venustus | Dathe 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Armatriches) baldocki | Pauly, A. 2014. Révision des abeilles des graminées en Afrique tropicale (Genre Lipotriches Gerstaecker 1858; Hymenoptera Apoidea Halictidae Nomiinae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 20: 1–393 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Armatriches) voiensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) edenvalensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) guillarmodi | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) kamieskroonensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) karooensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) mamalapiensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) nyikaensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) cassiae | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) garambensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) irwini | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) notabilis ituriensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) rossi | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) saegeri | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) snizeki | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) tenthrediniformis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Patellotriches) salamae | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) acanthospermi | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) brachysoma elinocturna | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) clypeomonstrosa | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) gemmea | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) gongeti | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) hyparrheniae | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) kwiapensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) paludis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) predonta | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) pseudoclavata | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) rozenorum | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) seydeli | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) subaurata | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Stellotriches) eardleyi | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Stellotriches) ewasoensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Stellotriches) harergensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Stellotriches) justiciae | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Stellotriches) karibibensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Stellotriches) maliensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Tegumelissa) gusenleitneri | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Tegumelissa) jadotvillensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Tegumelissa) shimbaensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Tegumelissa) usambarae | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches haladai | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches muyengaensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches nasalis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Lipotriches upembensis | Pauly 2014 |
2014 | Melitta (Afromelitta) richtersveldensis | Michez, D., M. Kuhlmann and S. Dellicour. 2014. Validation of some species- and genus-group names in Melitta (Hymenoptera: Melittidae). Bee Biology, Ecology, Evolution, & Systematics 44: 1–8 |
2014 | Melitta (Plesiomelitta) avontuurensis | Michez et al. 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter exiguus | Kuhlmann, M. 2014. Revision of the ‘euryglossiform’ species of the Afrotropical bee genus Scrapter Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Colletidae). European Journal of Taxonomy 95: 1–69 |
2014 | Scrapter gessorum | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter inexpectatus | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter luteistigma | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter minutissimus | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter minutuloides | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter minutus | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter nanus | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter nigerrimus | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter nigritarsis | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter papkuilsi | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter pygmaeus | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter roggeveldi | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter spinipes | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2014 | Scrapter ulrikae | Kuhlmann 2014 |
2015 | Hylaeus (Alfkenylaeus) euphorbiae | Dathe, H.H. 2015. Studies on the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F. (9) Supplement to the taxonomy and distribution of Afrotropical Hylaeus F. species (Hymenoptera: Anthophila, Colletidae). Beiträge zur Entomologie (Berlin) 65(1): 9–26 |
2015 | Hylaeus (Cornylaeus) adamauanis | Dathe 2015 |
2015 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) haladanius | Dathe 2015 |
2015 | Hylaeus (Pumilaeus) pumilus | Dathe 2015 |
2015 | Plesianthidium (Spinanthidium) namaquaense | Eardley, C.D. and T.L. Griswold. 2015. Taxonomic revision of Plesianthidium Cameron (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini), an endemic southern African bee genus. Zootaxa 3973(1): 1–56 |
2015 | Plesianthidium (Spinanthidium) richtersveldense | Eardley and Griswold 2015 |
2015 | Samba (Samba) turkana | Packer, L. and D. Martins. 2015. A new species of Samba s. str. (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) from the Turkana Basin, Kenya with observations on the function of the metatibial spur in females. Zootaxa 3918(2): 261–272 |
2016 | Fidelia (Fideliopsis) whiteheadi | Litman, J.R., C.D. Eardley and M. Kuhlmann. 2016. A new species of Fidelia Friese, 1899 (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae), with a key to the species of the genus. European Journal of Taxonomy 174: 1–18 |
2016 | Maynenomia adamaouaensis | Pauly, A. and Y.B. Soukontoua. 2016. Deux nouvelles espèces d’abeilles du Massif de l’Adamaoua au Cameroun (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Nomiinae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 39: 1–9 |
2016 | Maynenomia tchuenguemi | Pauly and Soukontoua 2016 |
2016 | Patellapis (Chaetalictus) mpalaensis | Pauly, A. 2016. Description de Patellapis (Chaetalictus) mpalaensis sp. nov. et redescription de P. (C.) virungae Timmermann, 2009 de l’Afrique orientale et centrale (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 36: 1–11 |
2016 | Serapista aspernigra | Eardley, C.D. and T. Griswold. 2016. Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical bee genus Serapista Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachildae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4111: 334–364 |
2017 | Haetosmia ethiopiensis | Müller, A. and T. Griswold. 2017. Osmiine bees of the genus Haetosmia (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 4358: 351–364 |
2017 | Mermiglossa voicola | Ascher, J.S. and M.S. Engel. 2017. A new species of Mermiglossa from Kenya, with comments on the arrangement of Old World Panurginae (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Journal of Melittology 75: 1–11 |
2017 | Pachyanthidium (Trichanthidium) anoplos | Eardley, C.D. and T. Griswold. 2017. Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237: 401–453 |
2018 | Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) pamae | Eardley, C.D. 2018. Taxonomic revision of the sub-Saharan Anthidiellum Cockerell (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4402: 201–250 |
2018 | Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidium) somaliense | Eardley 2018 |
2018 | Cyphanthidium gessorum | Eardley, C.D. and T. Griswold. 2018. Taxonomic revision of Cyphanthidium Pasteels (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini), an endemic Afrotropical bee genus. Zootaxa 4450(1): 26–40 |
2018 | Cyphanthidium whiteheadi | Eardley and Griswold 2018 |
2018 | Trachusa namibiensis | Kasparek, M. 2018. A new species of Trachusa Panzer, 1804 (Megachilidae: Anthidiini) from southern Africa, with notes on the subgeneric classification and a key to the Afrotropical species. Zootaxa 4399: 329–340 |
The species of Afrotropical bees synonymised or removed from synonymy since 2010. References are listed below the table.
Year | Senior synonym | Junior synonym, citation |
---|---|---|
2011 | Afroheriades (Archeriades) dolichocephalus | Archeriades hennigi , 1 |
2011 | Afroheriades (Archeriades) dolichocephalus | Heriades reicherti , 1 |
2011 | Capicola capicola | Capicola aurescens , 2 |
2011 | Capicola capicola | Capicola braunsiana , 2 |
2011 | Capicola capicola | Hesperapis obscura , 2 |
2011 | Capicola capicola | Hesperapis turneri , 2 |
2011 | Hoplitis (Anthocopa) namaquaensis | Hoplitis (Anthocopa) ausica, 2 |
2011 | Wainia (Wainiella) sakaniensis | Wainia (Wainiella) albobarbata, 2 |
2011 | Wainia (Wainiella) sakaniensis | Wainia (Wainiella) otaviensis, 2 |
2011 | Wainia (Wainiella) sakaniensis | Wainia (Wainiella) perpolitus, 2 |
2012 | Andrena africana | Notomelitta tropicalis , 3 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) demeter | Megachile (Callomegachile) excavata, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) kamerunensis | Megachile (Callomegachile) kamerunensis totafusca, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) kamerunensis | Megachile (Callomegachile) totafusca, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) rufipennis | Megachile (Callomegachile) chrysorrhoea, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) rufiventris | Megachile (Callomegachile) aridissima, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) rufiventris | Megachile (Callomegachile) coelorhina, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) rufiventris | Megachile (Callomegachile) pallipennis, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) rufiventris | Megachile (Callomegachile) perniciosa, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) rufiventris | Megachile (Callomegachile) phenacosoma, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Callomegachile) rufiventris | Megachile (Callomegachile) rukuruensis, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) karooensis | Chalicodoma insolita , 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) karooensis | Megachile (Chalicodoma) biexcisa, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) karooensis | Megachile (Chalicodoma) fulvosetosa, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) karooensis | Megachile (Chalicodoma) insolita, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) karooensis | Megachile (Chalicodoma) johannis, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) karooensis | Megachile (Chalicodoma) musculus, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) murina | Chalicodoma (Chalicodoma) aurulenta, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) murina | Chalicodoma (Chalicodoma) bipunctulata, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) murina | Megachile (Chalicodoma) acanthura, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) murina | Megachile (Chalicodoma) reicherti, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) niveofasciata | Chalicodoma (Chalicodoma) lineofasciata, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) niveofasciata | Chalicodoma cinctiventris , 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) niveofasciata | Megachile (Chalicodoma) albopilosa, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Chalicodoma) niveofasciata | Megachile (Chalicodoma) mesopyrrha, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Creightonella) angulata | Megachile (Creightonella) heptadonta, 5 |
2012 | Megachile (Creightonella) angulata | Megachile (Creightonella) hopilitis, 5 |
2012 | Megachile (Creightonella) angulata | Megachile (Creightonella) kivuicola, 5 |
2012 | Megachile (Creightonella) cognata | Megachile (Creightonella) congruens natalensis, 5 |
2012 | Megachile (Creightonella) dorsata | Megachile (Creightonella) ikuthaensis, 5 |
2012 | Megachile (Gronoceras) bombiformis | Megachile (Gronoceras) bombiformis yapiensis, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Gronoceras) bombiformis | Megachile (Gronoceras) yapiensis, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Gronoceras) cincta | Megachile (Gronoceras) cincta nigrocincta, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Gronoceras) cincta | Megachile (Gronoceras) cincta tricolor, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Gronoceras) cincta | Megachile (Gronoceras) combusta, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Gronoceras) cincta | Megachile (Gronoceras) nigrocincta, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Gronoceras) cincta | Megachile (Gronoceras) tricolor, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Gronoceras) felina | Gronoceras cerberus optima , 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) cradockensis | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) empeyi, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) crocutella, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) decemsignata, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) diversiventris, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) junodi, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) mucoreiventris, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) nubilosa, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) pachingeri, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) rhodotrichura, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) solitaria, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) torridus, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) fervida | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) torula, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) mossambica | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) armatipes, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) mossambica | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) cyanura, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) mossambica | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) laminata, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) mossambica | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) obscuribasis, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) mossambica | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) ritchiei, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) nasicornis | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) bullata, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) schulthessi | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) congruens, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) schulthessi | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) congruens flaviventris, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) schulthessi | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) flexa, 4 |
2012 | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) schulthessi | Megachile (Pseudomegachile) marginipennis, 4 |
2013 | Hypotrigona squamuligera | Hypotrigona penna , 6 |
2013 | Megachile (Amegachile) fimbriata | Megachile (Amegachile) vulpecula, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Amegachile) nasalis | Megachile (Amegachile) ventrifasciata, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Amegachile) nasalis | Megachile (Amegachile) volkmanni, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) barbata | Megachile (Eutricharaea) coelostoma, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) barbata | Megachile (Eutricharaea) discretula, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) barbata | Megachile (Eutricharaea) nasutula, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) barbata | Megachile (Eutricharaea) nitidicauda, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) basalis | Megachile (Eutricharaea) latimetatarsis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) basalis | Megachile (Eutricharaea) rozenii, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) basalis | Megachile (Eutricharaea) waterbergensis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) bucephala | Megachile (Eutricharaea) semifulva, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) cyanescens | Megachile (Eutricharaea) okanjandica, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) cyanescens | Megachile (Eutricharaea) vittatula, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) eurymera | Megachile (Eutricharaea) rhodoleucura, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) eurymera | Megachile (Eutricharaea) tarsignata, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) familiaris | Megachile (Eutricharaea) luteola, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) familiaris | Megachile (Eutricharaea) stellensis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) muansae | Megachile (Eutricharaea) leucospilura, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) salsburyana | Megachile (Eutricharaea) seclusa, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Eutricharaea) acallognatha, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Eutricharaea) concinna, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Eutricharaea) marusa, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Eutricharaea) microxanthops, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Eutricharaea) robertiana, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Eutricharaea) semivenusta, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Eutricharaea) umbiloensis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venustella, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Paracella) gratiosa, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) venusta | Megachile (Paracella) sarna, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Eutricharaea) wahlbergi | Megachile (Eutricharaea) pondonis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Heriadopsis) whiteana | Megachile (Heriadopsis) tantilla, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) albofilosa, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) candidicauda, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) candidigena, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) flavibasis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) heterotricha, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) meesi, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) neli, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) rubeola, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) chrysopogon | Megachile (Paracella) spinarum, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) curtula | Megachile (Paracella) benitocola, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) curtula | Megachile (Paracella) bicingulata, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) curtula | Megachile (Paracella) granulicauda, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) edwardsi | Megachile (Paracella) spatulicornis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile (Paracella) clarescens, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile (Paracella) laticeps, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile (Paracella) obesa, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile (Paracella) ovatomaculata, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile (Paracella) rudihirta, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile (Paracella) stellarum, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile (Paracella) thomasseti, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile clarescens , 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) malangensis | Megachile thomasseti clarescens , 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) pilosella | Megachile (Paracella) boswendica, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) pilosella | Megachile (Paracella) rubrociliata, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) pilosella | Megachile (Paracella) rufisetosa, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) semierma | Megachile (Paracella) lydenburgiana, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) semierma | Megachile (Paracella) pretoriaensis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) semierma | Megachile (Paracella) pycnocephala, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) ungulata | Megachile (Paracella) apiformis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) ungulata | Megachile (Paracella) rufibasis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile (Paracella) ungulata | Megachile (Paracella) umtaliensis, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) asarna, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) capiticola, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) chromatica, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) chrysognatha, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) ekuivella, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) flammicauda, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) gratiosella, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) haematognatha, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) heteroscopa, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) krebsiana, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) mackieae, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) masaiella, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) melanura, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) natalica, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) rhodesica, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) rufosuffusa, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) rufulina, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) semiflava, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) subcordata, 7 |
2013 | Megachile cordata | Megachile (Paracella) tardula, 7 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Diagonozus) lettowvorbecki | Thrinchostoma (Diagonozus) guineense, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Eothrincostoma) emini | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) telekii, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Eothrincostoma) emini | Thrinchostoma undulatum , 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Eothrincostoma) petersi | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) wissmanni, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Eothrincostoma) petersi | Thrinchostoma rubrocinctum , 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Eothrincostoma) torridum | Thrinchostoma (Eothrincostoma) wellmanni, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Eothrincostoma) torridum | Thrinchostoma malelanum , 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) productum | Halictus (Thrinchostoma) bibundicus, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) productum | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) bequaerti, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) productum | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) bequaerti ochropus, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) productum | Thrinchostoma lualiensis , 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) productum | Thrinchostoma tessmanni , 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) productum | Thrinchostoma vachali , 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) sjoestedti | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) mwangai, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) sjoestedti | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) sjoestedti rufescens, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) sjoestedti | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) ugandae, 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) sjoestedti | Thrinchostoma millari , 8 |
2013 | Thrinchostoma (Thrinchostoma) sjoestedti | Thrinchostoma umtaliense , 8 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Armatriches) kondeana | Nomia angulifera apicata , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) colona | Nomia melanosticta , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) colona | Nomia viridarii , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Andrena matha , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Nomia basutorum , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Nomia burorum , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Nomia dalyana , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Nomia dominarum , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Nomia ferripennis , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Nomia matha breviceps , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Nomia phenacopoda , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Cubitriches) cubitalis | Nomia rugicollis , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Lipotriches) oberthurella | Nomia atopozona , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Patellotriches) tetraloniformis | Nomia fortis , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) brachysoma | Nomia ligata , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) cinerascens | Nomia brunnipes , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) cinerascens | Rhopalomelissa brunnipes , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Rhopalomelissa) clavata | Nomia andrei , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Stellotriches) arnoldi | Nomia opacibasis , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches (Stellotriches) arnoldi | Nomia opacibasis sublucens , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches colona | Rhopalomelissa melanosticta , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches colona | Rhopalomelissa viridarii , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches fulvipes | Rhopalomelissa alivalensis , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches fulvipes | Rhopalomelissa gastrodonta , 9 |
2014 | Lipotriches fulvipes | Nomia alivalensis , 9 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) curvicarinatus | Prosopis flaviscutum , 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) curvicarinatus | Hylaeus graaffi , 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) dregei | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) microstictus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) gabonicus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) bequaertianus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) krebsianus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) immarginatus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) krebsianus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) abjunctus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) lightfooti | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) absonulus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) lightfooti | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) reditus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) lineaticeps | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) subreditus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) perater | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) extensicornis, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) promontorii | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) rhodognathus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) robertianus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) atriceps, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) robertianus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) major, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) robertianus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) dominae, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) robertianus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) punctiferus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) robertianus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) sanctus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) robertianus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) sublucens, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) robertianus | Hylaeus multifarius , 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) rugipunctus | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) simulans, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) | Prosopis tenuis , 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) tenuis | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) simplior, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) tenuis | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) perdensus, 14 |
2014 | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) xanthostoma | Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) kasindensis, 14 |
2015 | Removed from synonymy | Plesianthidium (Spinanthidium) calvini, 10 |
2015 | Removed from synonymy. Records in Eardley and Urban (2010) were documented before P. volkmanni and P. rufocaudatum were recognized as separate. They are therefore unreliable. | Plesianthidium (Spinanthidiellum) rufocaudatum, 10 |
2016 | Removed from synonymy | Serapista friesei , 11 |
2016 | Removed from synonymy | Serapista pernigra , 11 |
2017 | Pachyanthidium (Pachyanthidium) paulinieri | Pachyanthidium (Pachyanthidium) cordatum salamense, 12 |
2018 | Anthidium minutulum flavescens | Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) eritrinum, 13 |
2018 | Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) flavescens nigrescens | Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) eritrinum, 13 |
2018 | Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidiellum) transversale | Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) eritrinum, 13 |
2018 | Anthidiellum hessei | Anthidiellum (Chloranthidiellum) eritrinum, 13 |
2018 | Anthidium auriscopatum | Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidium) absonulum, 13 |
2018 | Dianthidium melanocephalum | Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidium) apicatum, 13 |
2018 | Dianthidium spilotum | Anthidiellum (Pycnanthidium) apicatum, 13 |
References (Appendix
[1] Griswold, T. and V.H. Gonzalez. 2011. New species of the Eastern Hemisphere genera Afroheriades and Noteriades (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae), with keys to species of the former. Zookeys 159: 65–80.
[2] Kuhlmann, M., F.W. Gess, F. Koch and S.K. Gess. 2011. Southern African osmiine bees: taxonomic notes, two new species, a key to Wainia, and biological observations (Hymenoptera: Anthophila: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3108: 1–24.
[3] Kuhlmann, M. 2012. Two new species of the South African endemic bee genus Rediviva Friese (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Melittidae). Zootaxa 3517: 71–78.
[4] Eardley, C.D. 2012. A taxonomic revision of the southern African species of dauber bees in the genus Megachile Latreille (Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3460: 1–139.
[5] Eardley, C.D. 2012. A taxonomic revision of the southern African species of the subgenus Creightonella Cockerell (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Megachile Latreille). Zootaxa 3159: 1–35.
[6] Pauly, A. and E.C.F. Faber Anguilet. 2013. Description de Liotrigona gabonensis sp. nov., et quelques corrections à la synonymie des espèces africaines de mélipones (Hymenoptera : Apoidea : Apinae : Meliponini). Belgian Journal of Entomology 15: 1–13.
[7] Eardley, C.D. 2013. A taxonomic revision of the southern African leaf-cutter bees, Megachile Latreille sensu stricto and Heriadopsis Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachilidae). Zootaxa 3601: 1–133.
[8] Pauly, A. and C.D. Eardley. 2013. A Revision of Afrotropical Thrinchostoma de Saussure, 1890 (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 12: 1–76.
[9] Pauly, A. 2014. Révision des abeilles des graminées en Afrique tropicale (Genre Lipotriches Gerstaecker 1858; Hymenoptera Apoidea Halictidae Nomiinae). Belgian Journal of Entomology 20: 1–393.
[10] Eardley, C.D. and T.L. Griswold. 2015. Taxonomic revision of Plesianthidium Cameron (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini), an endemic southern African bee genus. Zootaxa 3973(1): 1–56.
[11] Eardley, C.D. and T. Griswold. 2016. Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical bee genus Serapista Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Megachildae: Megachilinae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4111: 334–364.
[12] Eardley, C.D. and T. Griswold. 2017. Taxonomic revision of the Afrotropical species of Pachyanthidium Friese (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4237: 401–453.
[13] Eardley, C.D. 2018. Taxonomic revision of the sub-Saharan Anthidiellum Cockerell (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Anthidiini). Zootaxa 4402: 201–250.
[14] Dathe, H.H. 2014. Studies on the systematics and taxonomy of the genus Hylaeus F. (8) Revision of the Afrotropic subgenus Hylaeus (Deranchylaeus) Bridwell (Hymenoptera: Anthophila, Colletidae). Zootaxa 3874: 1–84.
New country records of species (i.e. not in the CAB) represented by specimen records downloaded from the GBIF Data Portal.
Country | Species |
---|---|
Angola | Amegilla albocaudata, Amegilla langi, Amegilla nubica, Amegilla obscuriceps, Amegilla spilostoma, Amegilla velutina, Anthidiellum polyochrum, Anthophora rufolanata, Braunsapis albipennis, Braunsapis otavica, Ceratina labrosa, Melitturga capensis, Serapista denticulata, Tetralonia cinctula, Tetralonia penicillata, Thyreus calceatus |
Benin | Sphecodes hagensi |
Botswana | Afranthidium braunsi, Allodapula variegata, Anthophora armata, Braunsapis fuscinervis, Ceratina lunata, Ceratina nasalis, Ceratina nyassensis, Coelioxys analis, Coelioxys natalensis, Coelioxys rufispina, Compsomelissa zaxantha, Liotrigona bottegoi, Lipotriches vulpina, Meliponula beccarii, Meliponula bocandei, Meliponula ferruginea, Pseudapis anthidioides |
Burkina Faso | Amegilla atrocincta, Amegilla calens, Xylocopa watmoughi |
Burundi | Afranthidium abdominale, Amegilla acraensis, Amegilla calens, Amegilla nigritarsis, Pseudoanthidium truncatum, Serapista denticulata, Xylocopa caffra, Xylocopa olivacea |
Cameroon | Lipotriches orientalis, Pseudapis aliceae, Seladonia africana, Seladonia foana, Seladonia jucunda, Tetralonia fraterna |
Central African Republic | Amegilla acraensis, Amegilla atrocincta, Hypotrigona gribodoi, Meliponula bocandei |
Chad | Amegilla nubica, Xylocopa inconstans |
Democratic Republic of Congo | Cyphanthidium sheppardi, Tetralonia mesotes |
Eritrea | Amegilla eritrina, Anthophora vestita |
Ethiopia | Anthophora vestita |
Gabon | Allodape mea, Amegilla circulata, Amegilla kaimosica, Braunsapis calidula, Ceratina malindiae, Ceratina nasalis, Ceratina nyassensis, Ceratina pacis, Ceratina tanganyicensis, Ceratina viridis, Ceylalictus muiri, Hypotrigona araujoi, Liotrigona bottegoi, Megachile discolor, Megachile ianthoptera |
Ghana | Amegilla atrocincta, Amegilla calens, Amegilla kaimosica, Amegilla vivida, Ceratina lineola, Ceratina nasalis, Meliponula beccarii, Nomia rufitarsis, Tetralonia nigropilosa, Xylocopa albiceps, Xylocopa olivacea |
Ivory Coast | Amegilla nila, Ctenoplectra bequaerti, Xylocopa caffra |
Kenya | Amegilla atrocincta, Amegilla bechuanensis, Amegilla caelestina, Amegilla cymatilis, Amegilla grandiceps, Amegilla kuleni, Amegilla penicula, Amegilla rapida, Amegilla vivida, Ammobates auster, Anthophora xanthostoma, Braunsapis langenburgensis, Braunsapis lyrata, Braunsapis nautica, Braunsapis neavei, Cellariella somalica, Ceratina nasalis, Ceratina nyassensis, Ceratina speculifrons, Ctenoplectra polita, Haetosmia ethiopiensis, Hylaeus fumatus, Hypotrigona araujoi, Hypotrigona ruspolii, Lipotriches hirsutula, Lipotriches leucomelanura, Lipotriches neglecta, Lipotriches patellifera, Megachile ianthoptera, Meliponula ferruginea, Nomia vassei, Pachymelus festivus, Pasites appletoni, Pasites jenseni, Pseudapis anthidioides, Pseudapis patellata, Seladonia africana, Tetralonia nigropilosa, Tetraloniella abessinica, Tetraloniella abrochia, Tetraloniella apicalis, Tetraloniella ataxia, Tetraloniella aurantiflava, Tetraloniella elsei, Tetraloniella katangensis, Tetraloniella ottiliensis, Thyreus bouyssoui, Thyreus interruptus, Xylocopa lugubris |
Lesotho | Afromelecta fulvohirta, Amegilla spilostoma, Colletes malleatus, Epeolus natalensis, Megachile cordata, Megachile curtula, Megachile venusta, Pseudoanthidium tertium |
Liberia | Amegilla acraensis, Amegilla albocaudata, Amegilla nubica, Meliponula beccarii |
Malawi | Amegilla albocaudata, Amegilla aspergina, Amegilla caelestina, Amegilla calens, Amegilla capensis, Amegilla cymatilis, Amegilla kaimosica, Amegilla mimadvena, Amegilla nila, Amegilla nubica, Amegilla penicula, Anthophora tetradonta, Braunsapis langenburgensis, Braunsapis simplicipes, Ceratina nasalis, Euaspis erythros, Hypotrigona araujoi, Hypotrigona gribodoi, Hypotrigona ruspolii, Lipotriches tridentata, Megachile rufiventris, Meliponula ferruginea, Patellapis minima, Seladonia foana, Seladonia jucunda, Tetraloniella abessinica, Tetraloniella ogilviae, Thyreus axillaris, Xylocopa flavicollis, Xylocopa lugubris, Xylocopa mixta |
Mauritius | Thyreus calceatus |
Mozambique | Amegilla caelestina, Anthophora armata, Ceratina opaca, Hypotrigona araujoi, Hypotrigona gribodoi, Hypotrigona ruspolii, Megachile alternans, Megachile bituberculata, Meliponula beccarii, Meliponula ferruginea, Thrinchostoma kandti |
Namibia | Afranthidium biangulatum, Afranthidium hamaticauda, Afranthidium haplogastrum, Afranthidium repetitum, Amegilla calens, Amegilla nigritarsis, Anthidium bechuanalandicum, Anthophora xanthostoma, Braunsapis fuscinervis, Braunsapis vitrea, Capicola rhodostoma, Capicola rufiventris, Ceratina armata, Ceratina nasalis, Coelioxys caeruleipennis, Colletes zuluensis, Evylaeus mirifrons, Heriades wellmani, Hylaeus braunsi, Hypotrigona gribodoi, Lipotriches patellifera, Lipotriches vulpina, Megachile atopognatha, Megachile atripes, Megachile frontalis, Megachile malangensis, Megachile maxillosa, Megachile meadewaldoi, Megachile semierma, Megachile ungulata, Melitturga barbarae, Melitturga capensis, Melitturga penrithorum, Pachymelus peringueyi, Patellapis chubbi, Pseudapis flavicarpa, Pseudoheriades moricei |
Nigeria | Afranthidium abdominale, Euaspis erythros, Hypotrigona araujoi, Meliponula cameroonensis, Pseudapis aliceae, Tetralonia fraterna, Tetralonia obscuriceps |
Senegal | Afranthidium abdominale, Amegilla acraensis, Thyreus pretextus |
Seychelles | Ceratina electron |
Somalia | Haetosmia ethiopiensis |