A new species of the spider genus Cangoderces ( Araneae , Telemidae ) from South Africa

A new species of the spider family Telemidae from South Africa, Cangoderces globosa sp. n., is diagnosed, described and illustrated. This is the second species of the family to be recorded from the country. Consistent with the habits of most Afrotropical telemids, C. globosa sp. n. was collected by sifting leaf litter in forests.


Introduction
The spider family Telemidae currently contains ten genera and 78 species (World Spider Catalog 2018) that are distributed in tropical Africa, East and South-East Asia, and North and Central America (Brignoli 1977).Presently, 12 species are known from the Afrotropical Region: five in the genus Cangoderces Harington, 1951, four in the genus Seychellia Saaristo, 1978, two in the genus Apneumonella Fage, 1921, and the monotypic genus Guhua Zhao & Li, 2017(World Spider Catalog 2018).Although most African telemids have been recorded from forest habitats (e.g.Wang and Li 2011), a single cavernicolous species, C. lewisi Harington, 1951, has been described from South Africa (Dippenaar-Schoeman and Jocqué 1997;Dippenaar-Schoeman and Myburgh 2009;Wang and Li 2011).
The genus Cangoderces was erected by Harington (1951) based on seven females of the type species, C. lewisi, collected in the Cango Caves in south-western South Africa, and placed in the Leptonetidae: Ochyroceratinae.Subsequently, Machado (1956) transferred the genus to Telemidae and Brignoli (1978) described the male of C. lewisi for the first time.Besides the South African type species, four other species are known from tropical Africa: C. christae Wang & Li, 2011 occurs in the Ivory Coast, and three species have been described from Cameroon, C. cameroonensis Baert, 1985, C. koupeensis Baert, 1985and C. milani Wang & Li, 2011.In this paper, a new species of Cangoderces is described and illustrated based on material collected in Afromontane forests on the north-eastern escarpment of South Africa.

Material and methods
Two specimens (one male, one female) were collected by sifting leaf litter in an Afromontane forest and were subsequently examined and measured using a Leica M205 C stereomicroscope.Further details were studied under an Olympus BX41 compound microscope.All drawings were made using a drawing tube attached to an Olympus BX41 compound microscope and then inked onto ink jet plotter paper.The male left palp and female genitalia were examined and illustrated after they were dissected from the spiders' bodies.The internal genitalia of the female were removed and treated in lactic acid before illustration.All type specimens were preserved in 80% ethanol solution.Photographs were taken with an Olympus C7070 wide zoom digital camera (7.1 megapixels) mounted on an Olympus SZX12 stereomicroscope.The images were montaged using Helicon image stacking software.All measurements are given in millimetres.Leg measurements are shown as: total length (femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, tarsus).Leg segments were measured on their dorsal side.
Abbreviations used in text include AME and ALE for anterior median and anterior lateral eyes, respectively.The type material has been deposited in the National Collection of Arachnida, Agricultural Research Council -Plant Protection Research, Pretoria, South Africa (NCA).
Remark.After the male paratype was photographed and measurements taken, the abdomen broke off and was lost.

Discussion
Telemidae is one of the smallest spider families currently recognised, with 10 genera and 78 species previously described (World Spider Catalog 2018), to which Cangoderces globosa sp.n. is added in this paper.This is the thirteenth telemid species described from Africa.As seems to be the general pattern for most Telemidae, all five species of Cangoderces seem to have very localised distributions (Brignoli 1978;Baert 1985;Wang and Li 2011), with the South African species only known from their type localities: C. globosa sp.n. from an Afromontane forest in the Mpumalanga Province in north-eastern South Africa and C. lewisi from the Cango Caves near Oudshoorn in the Western Cape Province in the south-western parts (Fig. 15).Species of Cangoderces appear to have quite variable genitalic morphology in both sexes.Males of the new species, C. globosa sp.n., are distinct in the genus by having a rod-like modifier on the retrolateral surface of the bulb (e.g.Fig. 2), which is lobate in C. lewisi (Brignoli 1978: fig. 2) and falculate in C. christae and C. milani (Wang and Li 2011: figs 2, 6); in these three latter species, the modifier is closely associated with the base of the embolus.The modifier may possibly be absent in C. cameroonensis and C. koupeensis (Baert 1985: figs 6, 9), but this requires further study.In addition, the embolus is clearly broadened distally into two rounded lobes in C. globosa sp.n., while comprising two pointed lobes in C. lewisi (Brignoli 1978: fig.2), a blunt rounded lobe and longer pointed lobe in C. cameroonensis and C. koupeensis (Baert 1985: figs 6, 9) and an elongate lobe in C. christae and C. milani (Wang and Li 2011: figs 2, 6).Females of C. globosa sp.n. have a ball-shaped spermatheca (e.g.Fig. 7), which is shared only with C. lewisi (Harington 1951: figs 5, 6).The spermatheca is trapezoid in C. cameroonensis and C. koupeensis (Baert 1985: figs 7, 8), strongly curved ventrally with several distal outgrowths in C. christae (Wang and Li 2011: fig. 4), and narrowed distally with a median finger-like receptacle in C. milani (Wang and Li 2011: fig. 8).
Although these genitalic features potentially provide useful evidence regarding the phylogenetic relationships between Cangoderces species, the localised endemism of most of the species, and the current sporadic distribution of the genus in Africa, suggests that there may be a considerable undiscovered diversity of these spiders.Only once the fauna has been more completely described can the relationships of members of the genus be more accurately assessed.
(University of the Free State) kindly provided the material he collected for study.This study was financially supported by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China to Chunxia Wang (NSFC-31471977) and Shuqiang Li (NSFC-31530067, 31471960) and by the NRF Competitive Funding for Rated Researchers programme to Charles Haddad (grant #95569).

Diagnosis.
Males of this new species can be distinguished from all other species in the genus by the distally broadened embolus, forming two rounded lobes(10)(11)(12) and the presence of a rod-like modifier retrolaterally on the male palpal bulb(Figs 2, 4, 12).In this genus, females share only with C. lewisi the ball-shaped spermatheca, but can be distinguished from the latter species by the gradual broadening of the copulatory duct before the spermatheca(Figs 7, 14), while in C. lewisi, the copulatory duct is almost parallel-sided before expanding abruptly at the base of the spermatheca (seeHarington 1951: figs 5, 6; Brignoli 1978: fig.3).Description.Male (paratype, NCA 2017/1190).