A new family Kazimierzidae for the genus Kazimierzus, earlier recorded to the composite Microchaetidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta)

A review of the genus Kazimierzus Plisko, 2006, based on available type material enriched by study of selected specimens from the earthworm collection gathered at the NMSA and literature, revealed that the species presently accredited to this genus are characterized by unique features and clearly differ from the species of the other genera endorsed to Microchaetidae. Basing on this discovery the genus Kazimierzus is separated from Microchaetidae and Kazimierzidae fam. n. is erected to accommodate the whole 21 species of this genus. Species accredited to the new family Kazimierzidae are listed, their peculiar characters and specific distribution discussed.


Introduction
Twenty of the studied species of the genus Kazimierzus Plisko, 2006 initially were described in the composite genus Microchaetus Rapp, 1849 what at that time incorporated the majority of the known South African indigenous earthworm species.The only K. sirgeli (Plisko, 1996) was described in Proandricus Plisko, 1992 although its exceptional characters were noted, several times underlined (Plisko 1996(Plisko , 2002(Plisko , 2003) ) and the species was transferred to this genus (Plisko 2006).K. rosai (Michaelsen, 1908) and K. peringueyi (Michaelsen, 1913) are the oldest species of this genus.Over sixty years after their description, the five species: crousi, franciscus, guntheri, ljungstroemi and personianus were described by Pickford (1975) also in Microchaetus.Plisko (1998) described other species: alipentus, circulatus, davidi, hamerae, imitatus, metandrus, obscurus, occidualis, occiduus, pauli, pentus, senarius and sophieae (Plisko 2002), placed them as well in Microchaetus, although pointed their distinctive features and debated species' exceptional position in this genus.Re-examination of the distinctive characters observed in the 21 species occurring in limited area of the Western Cape permitted Plisko (2006) to erect for them a new genus Kazimierzus.The earlier debates on systematic position of the species accredited to Kazimierzus and note on species' restricted geographical occurrence in the Western Cape (Plisko 1998) lead to present review of this genus.Closer assessment of the generic characters observed in the species ascribed to Kazimierzus revealed that these, differing from the features occurring in the genera Microchaetus Rapp, 1849, s. str., Geogenia Kinberg, 1867and Proandricus Plisko, 1992, accredited to Microchaetidae (summarized in
The characters investigated were: the dorsal blood vessel; excretory system with its shape of nephridial bladders; seminal vesicles, considering their number, position, shape and extension; male funnels condition; anterior septa: their number and thickness, with special attention to septum 6/7 and 9/10; body shape, dimensions and the number of segments.The earthworms were examined under a stereo dissecting microscope.Diagnoses and species descriptions follow Plisko (1996Plisko ( , 1998Plisko ( , 2002)).
Acronyms and abbreviations used in this paper: SAM -Iziko, South African Museum collection, Cape Town; NMSA -KwaZulu-Natal Museum, collection and South Africa database.
Distribution.All species presently accredited to Kazimierzus are known from a limited area in the western and south-western Atlantic coast of South Africa.The distribution of these species is poorly known as the most known species have only been collected from their type localities, some species represented only by a holotype.The species are known from variable biotopes: wet, muddy soil, or very dry soil; collected between hard rocks in mountain areas characterized by winter-fall and associated with topography of western escarpment and neighbouring Namaqualand, boardering the Atlantic seaboard.Species occurrence may be expected to continue from the Northern Cape Province to the neighbouring Namibia.The distribution pattern observed in Kazimierzus may be influenced by the soil, vegetation (Succulent Karoo Biome) or habitat transformation although this has never been tested.

Discussion
The 21 indigenous megadrile species occurring in south-western Atlantic coast of South Africa accredited by Plisko (2006) to genus Kazimierzus evidently differ from the other members of the composite family Microchaetidae (s.lato) and deserve a family of their own.A study of types and other material together with findings and opinion of earlier authors confirm clear differences between Microchaetidae (s.str.) as it now stands and a new family Kazimierzidae.
Particular characters noted in the studied species are diagnostic and they also attracted attention of earlier researchers.Pickford (1975) found that the seminal vesicles extended backwards, and the 9/10 septum thicker than other septa, and declared this as a character unique to K. ljungstroemi.When more material became available, Plisko (1998) observed that these features occur in most species known from certain areas of south-western Atlantic coast of South Africa (mainly Namaqualand in Western Cape).The backwards extension of seminal vesicles into more than two segments was also found in other species collected in these areas but not in the species from other parts of South Africa (Plisko 1998).
The circulatory system in Kazimierzidae differs from that in the Microchaetidae.It is a single tube through the length of the whole body and was declared as exclusive to Kazimierzus by Plisko (2006).The dorsal blood vessel in the Microchaetidae is double in anterior segments, simple when passing septa and forming a cordiform structure in segments 8, 9 noted by Plisko (1991Plisko ( , 1992Plisko ( , 2000Plisko ( , 2002Plisko ( , 2003Plisko ( , 2005Plisko ( , 2006Plisko ( , 2013)).
The excretory system in the Microchaetidae is holoic with V-shaped nephridial bladders unlike in studied species where the excretory system although holoic the nephridial bladders are proclinate J-shaped.It should be noted that in K. ljungstroemi the nephridial bladders may be not seen clearly as J-shaped although their curve-shape suggests its similarity to a J-shape.The septum 6/7 is thickened in the Kazimierzidae whilst in the Microchaetidae it is much thinner or missing in some microchaetid species.The Kazimierzidae specimens are small to medium size, rarely extending more than 350 mm in length, while in some of microchaetids the body length may reach 2 m in addition the segment number (100-550) differs from the species in the Microchaeti-dae.Although the majority of the Kazimierzidae species is holandric, the metandric character was observed, whilst in the Microchaetidae no species is metandric.Pickford (1975) and Plisko (1996Plisko ( , 1998Plisko ( , 1992Plisko ( , 2008) noted these unique features, characteristic for the species occurring in Western Cape but never observed in Geogenia, Proandricus and Microchaetus (s.str.) in the composite Microchaetidae.This was highlighted by Plisko (2006) when a new genus Kazimierzus was erected for these 21 species.The current review of this genus confirms earlier supporting observations and leads to proposed erection of the new family Kazimierzidae.
In South African soils there are variable megadrile species accredited to indigenous families Microchaetidae, Tritogeniidae, Acanthodrilinae, presently newly erected Kazimierzidae and also representatives of foreign Lumbricidae, Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae, Eudrilidae, Ocnerodrilidae and Benhamiinae (Nxele et al. 2015, Plisko and Nxele 2015, Janion-Scheepers et al. 2016).The majority of species not native to South African soils occur in variable biotopes; these may have been transported intentionally or accidentally by humans, or dispersed naturally.These taxa may be found in natural biotopes and also in cultivated, agriculture lands, in undisturbed areas and in polluted areas (Plisko 2010).South African endemic species tend to have a restricted distribution and occur in natural, undisturbed or less disturbed biotopes, mostly in primary grasslands and forests (Plisko 1995(Plisko , 2000;;Nxele 2014).The species presently assigned to Kazimierzidae occur in the area known for endemism in its invertebrate fauna and associated with diverse flora.Kazimierzidae species are endemic to small areas restricted in the western and south-western Atlantic coast of South Africa.This geographical distribution and their unique characters lead to increased interest in erection of a new family to accommodate this genus.The re-assessment of generic characters for the new family Kazimierzidae compared with features occurring in the microchaetid genera Microchaetus Rapp, 1849 (s.str.), Geogenia Kinberg, 1867 and Proandricus Plisko, 1992 accredited to Microchaetidae is clearly presented in Table 1.
The restricted range of the Kazimierzidae species makes them vulnerable to habitat transformation due to their poor dispersal ability.The restricted distribution due to specific ecological requirements may lead to speciation.The species distribution of earthworms in Southern Africa is presently poorly known hence the urgency for extended study on earthworm diversity and their distribution patterns.Extensive earth- Seminal vesicles confined to one or two segments, not extending backwards Nephridial bladders J-shaped Nephridial bladders V-shaped Septa 6/7 often thickened Septa 6/7 often missing, Endemic to limited regions in the western and south-western coastal Atlantic parts of South Africa Microchaetidae (s.str.)do not occur in the area where are Kazimierzidae worm collection in the western Atlantic coast may bring more data on this and other taxa.Furthermore, planned molecular studies on the megadrile occurring in the southern Africa may bring clarity to earthworm taxonomy.

Table 1 )
indicate inconsistency in the family.Thus a new family Kazimierzidae is erected to accommodate these species.

with one genus Kazimierzus) Microchaetidae (with three genera: Microchaetus, Geogenia, Proandricus)
Dorsal blood vessel simple through the whole body length Dorsal blood vessel double in some preclitellar segments Seminal vesicles confined to one or two segments or extending backwards up to segment 30